Auxiliary systems, micropumps and valves in an integrated Lab-on-Chip

A LoC works only when fluid handling, control and read-out are integrated. Micropumps and valves provide the fluid motion, and the auxiliary systems keep the chip running.

Role of each part

Part	Role
Micropump	Moves sample and reagents through channels at a controlled rate
Microvalve	Routes, meters, isolates and prevents backflow
Mixer	Speeds up mixing, which is slow by diffusion in laminar flow
Heater and temperature control	Needed for PCR and enzyme reactions
Sensors and detectors	Optical, electrochemical or electrical read-out
Power and control electronics	Drive pumps, valves and sensors; sequence the steps
Fluidic interconnects and packaging	Connect the chip to the outside and keep it sealed
Data processing	Converts the signal to a result for the user

Why integration matters

Without on-chip pumps and valves, the chip needs bulky external equipment and loses portability. With them, a complete test can run automatically from a drop of sample.

Exam tip

Draw the block diagram and explain each block in one line.