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Module 2: Data Link Layer & MAC Sublayer

20257m

The message 11001001 is to be transmitted using the CRC polynomial x3+1x^3 + 1 to protect it from errors. Write the transmitted message.

Worked SolutionAI Assisted

Given

  • Message (dataword): 11001001
  • Generator polynomial: x3+1⇒x^3 + 1 \Rightarrow divisor 1001 (degree 3, so append 3 zeros)

Step 1: Append zeros

11001001 + 000 = 11001001000

Step 2: Modulo-2 division by 1001

Step Current bits XOR with Remainder
1 1100 1001 101
2 101+1 = 1011 1001 010
3 010+0 = 0100 0000 100
4 100+0 = 1000 1001 001
5 001+1 = 0011 0000 011
6 011+0 = 0110 0000 110
7 110+0 = 1100 1001 101
8 101+0 = 1010 1001 011

CRC (remainder) = 011

Check using polynomials: since x3≡1(modx3+1)x^3 \equiv 1 \pmod{x^3+1}, the message x7+x6+x3+1x^7+x^6+x^3+1 times x3x^3 gives x10+x9+x6+x3≡x+1+1+1=x+1x^{10}+x^9+x^6+x^3 \equiv x + 1 + 1 + 1 = x + 1, i.e. 011. ✔

Step 3: Transmitted message

Dataword + CRC = 11001001 | 011  ->  11001001011

Receiver check

Dividing 11001001011 by 1001 gives remainder 000, so no error is detected.

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