Disadvantages of File Processing Systems:

• Data Redundancy and Inconsistency: Same data duplicated across files, updates require multiple places, inconsistency.
• Data Dependence: Programs tied to file format, change in structure requires program change.
• Difficulty in Accessing Data: Need custom programs for each query, no declarative query language.
• Data Isolation: Scattered files, different formats hard to integrate.
• Integrity Problems: Constraints enforced in application code, not centrally, error-prone.
• Atomicity Problems: No transaction support, partial updates on failure leave inconsistent state.
• Concurrent Access Anomalies: No locking, simultaneous updates lost update problem.
• Security Problems: Difficult fine-grained authorization, OS-level only.
• Recovery Difficult: No log-based recovery, difficult to restore after crash.

Example: University storing student data in separate files for library, fees, academics leads to all above issues which DBMS solves.