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Module 4: Tractable and Intractable Problems

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Which complexity class contains problems for which a given solution can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine?

(i) Class P
(ii) Class NP
(iii) Class NP-Hard
(iv) Class Undecidable

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Answer: (ii) Class NP

Explanation:

  • P: problems solvable in polynomial time by a deterministic TM.
  • NP: problems where a proposed solution (certificate) can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic TM (equivalently, solvable in polynomial time by a non-deterministic TM). P⊆NPP \subseteq NP.
  • NP-Hard: at least as hard as any NP problem (every NP problem reduces to it); may not be in NP.
  • NP-Complete = NP ∩\cap NP-Hard.
  • Undecidable: no TM can solve all instances.

The definition "verifiable in polynomial time by deterministic TM" is exactly NP.

Correct choice: (ii) Class NP

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