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Module 5: Application Layer & Security

20182m

Application layer is implemented on:
(i) end systems
(ii) NIC
(iii) ethernet
(iv) route

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Answer: (i) end systems

Why: The application layer is implemented only on end systems (hosts) — protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS and SNMP run directly in the communicating user processes/hosts. NIC is a network-layer-2 hardware device, Ethernet is a link/physical-layer standard, and routers/routes operate at the network layer (layer 3) — none of them implement application-layer protocols.

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