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Module 5: Application Layer & Security

20192m

Application layer is implemented on:
(i) end systems
(ii) NIC
(iii) ethernet
(iv) route

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Answer: (i) end systems

Why: The application layer (HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP, …) is implemented by the communicating end hosts — the sender and receiver processes — not by network-core devices. NIC is a data-link/physical-layer device, Ethernet is a link-layer technology, and routers forward packets at the network layer, never processing application-layer content.

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