Write a short note on Multiplexing. Question 9 asks candidates to write short notes on any two listed topics.

Question

Write a short note on **Multiplexing**.

> Question 9 asks candidates to write short notes on any two listed topics.

Accepted Answer

## Multiplexing Multiplexing (MUX) combines **several signals into one** and sends them over a **single shared link**; a **demultiplexer (DEMUX)** at the other end separates them again. It improves bandwidth utilization and reduces cost. ```svg ``` ### Types | Type | Principle | Signal | Medium / Use | |---|---|---|---| | **FDM** (Frequency Division) | Each channel gets its own **frequency band**, used simultaneously | Analog | Radio/TV broadcast, cable TV | | **TDM** (Time Division) | Each channel gets a **time slot** in turn (synchronous or statistical) | Digital | Telephone networks (T1/E1), GSM | | **WDM** (Wavelength Division) | Each channel uses a different **wavelength (colour) of light** | Optical | Optical fiber backbones (DWDM) | ### Advantages - Better utilization of link bandwidth and lower cabling cost - Many users share one expensive medium ### Limitations - FDM: needs guard bands, crosstalk and intermodulation noise - TDM: needs synchronization, wasted slots in synchronous TDM - WDM: costly optical components

Multiplexing

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