Introduction To Java Programming Language

Answer: (iii) continue

continue skips the remaining statements in the current loop iteration and moves to the next iteration. break exits the loop; return exits the current method.

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    if (i == 3) continue;
    System.out.print(i + " "); // 1 2 4 5
}

Primitive types and conversion

Java has eight primitive types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, and boolean. Numeric types differ in range and precision; boolean represents true/false and is not numeric.

Widening converts a type to a type with a broader range, usually implicitly:

int count = 25;
double value = count; // 25.0, no narrowing loss

Narrowing converts to a smaller or less precise type and requires a cast:

double price = 19.95;
int whole = (int) price; // 19: fractional part lost
int n = 130;
byte b = (byte) n; // wraps to -126 for 8-bit signed byte

A cast permits the conversion; it does not guarantee that the original value is preserved. Use appropriate types and validate ranges.

Number triangle using nested for loops

public class Triangle {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int rows = 5;
        for (int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
                System.out.print(j + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

Output:

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

The outer loop controls rows (i = 1 to rows). The inner loop prints i numbers on row i; println() moves to the next line. There are (1+2+\cdots+n=n(n+1)/2) printed values, so time complexity is O(n²) and auxiliary space is O(1).

Evaluate the expression

int a = 5;
int b = 2;
System.out.println(a++ + ++b * a);

Java evaluates operands left-to-right; multiplication has higher precedence than addition.

1. a++ yields the old value 5, then a becomes 6.
2. ++b increments b from 2 to 3, and yields 3.
3. The later a is now 6, so 3 * 6 = 18.
4. Addition gives 5 + 18 = 23.

Output: 23. Final values are a = 6, b = 3.