Solution

COCOMO Model for Estimation (Boehm, 1981)

Types:

1. Organic - Small, simple, experienced team (2-50 KLOC) $a=2.4, b=1.05$
2. Semi-detached - Medium, mixed experience (50-300 KLOC) $a=3.0, b=1.12$
3. Embedded - Complex, tight hardware ( >300 KLOC) $a=3.6, b=1.20$

Models:

• Basic: $Effort = a(KLOC)^b$, $Time = c(Effort)^d$
• Intermediate: Basic × Effort Adjustment Factor (15 cost drivers)
• Detailed: Phase-wise distribution

Example: 100 KLOC Embedded → $Effort=3.6×100^{1.20}=3.6×251=904 PM$, $Time=2.5×904^{0.32}=22$ months

Used for budgeting and staffing.