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Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures

20267m

Discuss markup languages and their grammars. Explain the role of SGML, HTML, CSS, XML and XSL in web technologies.

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Markup Languages and Their Grammars

A markup language uses tags or annotations to describe a document's structure or meaning. Its grammar defines legal elements, attributes, nesting and syntax; a parser checks documents against these rules.

  • SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language, a metalanguage used to define markup languages and document structures. HTML historically derived from SGML.
  • HTML: describes web-page structure using elements such as headings, paragraphs, links, forms and images.
  • CSS: a style-sheet language, not a markup language. It controls presentation, including colour, spacing, layout and responsive design.
  • XML: defines custom tags for structured data exchange. XML documents must be properly nested and well-formed.
  • XSL: a family of XML technologies. XSLT transforms XML into other formats; XPath selects nodes; XSL-FO supports formatted output.
SVGVector Architecture Diagram (SVG)
SGML metalanguage HTML XML CSS presentation XSL / XSLT

Conclusion: HTML structures pages, CSS styles them, XML represents structured data, and XSL technologies transform or format XML. Their rules help software interpret content consistently.

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