2026 question paper

Web Technology

28 questions

Q1(a). A system moves most application processing from client machines to a central server while clients mainly provide the user interface. This architecture is closest to (i) Fat-client architecture (ii) Fat-server architecture (iii) Peer-to-peer architecture (iv) N-tier architecture with no server processing20262m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
A system moves most application processing from client machines to a central server while clients mainly provide the user interface. This architecture is closest to
(i) Fat-client architecture
(ii) Fat-server architecture
(iii) Peer-to-peer architecture
(iv) N-tier architecture with no server processing

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (ii) Fat-server architecture. Most application processing occurs on the central server, while clients mainly provide the user interface.
Q1(b). A middleware layer is introduced between clients and servers primarily to (i) Replace the operating system (ii) Convert HTML into machine code (iii) Eliminate all server processing (iv) Hide communication and implementation details between distributed components20262m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
A middleware layer is introduced between clients and servers primarily to
(i) Replace the operating system
(ii) Convert HTML into machine code
(iii) Eliminate all server processing
(iv) Hide communication and implementation details between distributed components

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (iv) Hide communication and implementation details between distributed components. Middleware offers common services such as messaging, remote calls, authentication and transactions.
Q1(c). A browser receives an HTML document containing references to images, CSS files and scripts. Which browser subsystem is primarily responsible for interpreting the document and producing the visual representation? (i) Rendering engine (ii) Database engine (iii) Mail server (iv) FTP server20262m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
A browser receives an HTML document containing references to images, CSS files and scripts. Which browser subsystem is primarily responsible for interpreting the document and producing the visual representation?
(i) Rendering engine
(ii) Database engine
(iii) Mail server
(iv) FTP server

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (i) Rendering engine. It parses HTML and CSS, computes layout and paints the page's visual representation.
Q1(d). Browser configuration primarily affects (i) Only the physical network topology (ii) The definition of HTML grammar (iii) User and browser behavior such as security, connection and display-related settings (iv) The structure of an XML document20262m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Browser configuration primarily affects
(i) Only the physical network topology
(ii) The definition of HTML grammar
(iii) User and browser behavior such as security, connection and display-related settings
(iv) The structure of an XML document

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (iii) User and browser behavior such as security, connection and display-related settings. Browser configuration includes privacy, proxy, cookies, certificates and display preferences.
Q1(e). Which protocol is specifically associated with transferring files between a client and a server? (i) SMTP (ii) FTP (iii) POP (iv) HTTP only20262m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Which protocol is specifically associated with transferring files between a client and a server?
(i) SMTP
(ii) FTP
(iii) POP
(iv) HTTP only

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (ii) FTP. File Transfer Protocol transfers files between clients and servers. Standard FTP is not encrypted; FTPS and SFTP are secure alternatives, and SFTP uses SSH.
Q1(f). A web application validates a form directly in the user's browser before submitting it to the server. Which technology is most directly suited for this task? (i) JavaScript (ii) PHP (iii) Servlet (iv) EJB20262m
Module III: Basics of Web Programming
A web application validates a form directly in the user's browser before submitting it to the server. Which technology is most directly suited for this task?
(i) JavaScript
(ii) PHP
(iii) Servlet
(iv) EJB

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (i) JavaScript. It can validate forms in the browser and give immediate feedback. Server-side validation is still essential because client-side checks can be bypassed.
Q1(g). Suppose an application requires communication between distributed objects and uses Enterprise JavaBeans as part of its architecture. Which category does this belong to? (i) Client-side styling (ii) Distributed object model/server-side Java technology (iii) File transfer protocol (iv) Browser rendering20262m
Module III: Basics of Web Programming
Suppose an application requires communication between distributed objects and uses Enterprise JavaBeans as part of its architecture. Which category does this belong to?
(i) Client-side styling
(ii) Distributed object model/server-side Java technology
(iii) File transfer protocol
(iv) Browser rendering

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (ii) Distributed object model/server-side Java technology. EJB is a server-side Java component model for enterprise services such as transactions, security and business logic.
Q1(h). An online marketplace connects businesses directly with other businesses for transactions. Which E-business model best represents this interaction? (i) C2B (ii) B2C (iii) C2C (iv) B2B20262m
Module IV: E-commerce Applications
An online marketplace connects businesses directly with other businesses for transactions. Which E-business model best represents this interaction?
(i) C2B
(ii) B2C
(iii) C2C
(iv) B2B

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (iv) B2B. Business-to-Business e-commerce describes transactions between businesses, such as wholesalers selling to retailers.
Q1(i). Which activity is most directly associated with web-based marketing? (i) Designing a CPU (ii) Configuring an operating system kernel (iii) Defining XML grammar (iv) Promoting products and services through web-based channels20262m
Module IV: E-commerce Applications
Which activity is most directly associated with web-based marketing?
(i) Designing a CPU
(ii) Configuring an operating system kernel
(iii) Defining XML grammar
(iv) Promoting products and services through web-based channels

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (iv) Promoting products and services through web-based channels. Web marketing uses websites, search engines, email, social media and online advertising.
Q1(j). The primary goal of the Semantic Web is to make web information (i) More understandable and processable by machines through structured semantics (ii) Restricted to static HTML documents (iii) Available only through email (iv) Independent of any representation of meaning20262m
Module V: Web 3.0
The primary goal of the Semantic Web is to make web information
(i) More understandable and processable by machines through structured semantics
(ii) Restricted to static HTML documents
(iii) Available only through email
(iv) Independent of any representation of meaning

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Worked Solution
Correct answer: (i) More understandable and processable by machines through structured semantics. The Semantic Web represents data and relationships in a structured, machine-interpretable way.
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Q2(a). Differentiate between Fat Client and Fat Server architectures with respect to processing, data management and application deployment.20267m

Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures

Differentiate between Fat Client and Fat Server architectures with respect to processing, data management and application deployment.

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Worked Solution

Fat Client vs Fat Server Architecture

A fat client performs substantial application processing on the client machine. A fat server performs most application processing centrally; the client mainly handles the user interface.

Basis	Fat client	Fat server
Processing	Mostly client-side	Mostly server-side
Client hardware	Usually needs more resources	Can be relatively lightweight
Data management	May process/cache data locally; synchronization may be needed	Centralized data and business logic are easier to manage
Deployment	Client applications must be installed/updated on multiple devices	Server-side updates can apply centrally
Network	Some tasks may work offline or need fewer requests	Often relies more on network availability
Control	More logic resides on user devices	Easier to enforce central policies
Example	Rich desktop application	Browser-based banking application

MermaidDiagram

Rendering diagram…

Conclusion: Fat clients can be responsive and support offline work; fat-server systems simplify centralized deployment and control. Most real applications distribute work between both.

Q2(b). Explain middleware in Client/Server computing and discuss its role in communication between clients and servers.20267m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
Explain middleware in Client/Server computing and discuss its role in communication between clients and servers.

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Worked Solution
Middleware in Client/Server Computing

Middleware is a software layer between applications and the underlying operating system/network. It enables distributed components to communicate through reusable services.

Main roles

Communication: supports request-response calls, messaging and remote procedure/object calls.

Abstraction: hides differences in network protocols, operating systems and internal implementation.

Service discovery: helps locate remote services.

Security integration: supports authentication and authorization.

Transactions: coordinates reliable operations involving multiple components or databases.

Asynchronous messaging: queues messages when a receiver is temporarily unavailable.

Monitoring and scalability: may provide logging, connection pooling and load balancing.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
For example, an online store can call an order service without managing low-level network communication or directly opening database connections.

Advantages: reduces duplicated infrastructure code, improves interoperability and maintainability. Limitations: adds latency, configuration complexity and another component that must be secured and monitored.

Conclusion: Middleware simplifies client/server communication by providing common services between distributed applications.
Q3(a). Discuss markup languages and their grammars. Explain the role of SGML, HTML, CSS, XML and XSL in web technologies.20267m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
Discuss markup languages and their grammars. Explain the role of SGML, HTML, CSS, XML and XSL in web technologies.

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Worked Solution
Markup Languages and Their Grammars

A markup language uses tags or annotations to describe a document's structure or meaning. Its grammar defines legal elements, attributes, nesting and syntax; a parser checks documents against these rules.

SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language, a metalanguage used to define markup languages and document structures. HTML historically derived from SGML.

HTML: describes web-page structure using elements such as headings, paragraphs, links, forms and images.

CSS: a style-sheet language, not a markup language. It controls presentation, including colour, spacing, layout and responsive design.

XML: defines custom tags for structured data exchange. XML documents must be properly nested and well-formed.

XSL: a family of XML technologies. XSLT transforms XML into other formats; XPath selects nodes; XSL-FO supports formatted output.

SVGVector Architecture Diagram (SVG)
Conclusion: HTML structures pages, CSS styles them, XML represents structured data, and XSL technologies transform or format XML. Their rules help software interpret content consistently.
Q3(b). Explain the role of DTD in defining the structure of an XML document and discuss its relationship with XML.20267m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
Explain the role of DTD in defining the structure of an XML document and discuss its relationship with XML.

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Worked Solution
DTD and XML

A Document Type Definition (DTD) specifies the permitted structure of an XML document. It declares allowed elements and attributes, their order and repetition, and entities. XML conforming to its DTD is valid; a well-formed XML document only needs to obey XML syntax.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE student [ <!ELEMENT student (name, roll)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT roll (#PCDATA)> ]> <student> <name>Raiyan</name> <roll>106</roll> </student>

Here, a student element must contain name followed by roll; each contains parsed character data.

Types

Internal DTD: declarations appear inside the XML document's DOCTYPE.

External DTD: declarations are stored in a separate DTD file and referenced by the XML document.

Importance: DTDs standardize document structure, enable validators to detect missing or unexpected elements, document data expectations and support reusable entity declarations.

Limitations: DTD syntax is not itself XML, data types are limited, and namespace support is weak compared with XML Schema (XSD).

Remember: well-formed means syntactically correct XML; valid means well-formed XML that also conforms to a declared DTD or schema.
Q4(a). Draw the functional block diagram of a modern web browser and state the primary function of each subsystem.20267m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Draw the functional block diagram of a modern web browser and state the primary function of each subsystem.

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Worked Solution
Functional Block Diagram of a Modern Web Browser

A browser retrieves web resources, interprets web technologies and displays interactive pages.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Subsystems

User interface: tabs, address bar, bookmarks and navigation controls.

Browser engine: coordinates UI, rendering and browser services.

Rendering engine: parses HTML/CSS, computes layout and paints the page.

JavaScript engine: executes scripts and interacts with the DOM and browser APIs.

Networking: sends HTTP/HTTPS requests and receives resources.

Graphics/UI backend: draws widgets, text, images and graphical output.

Data storage: maintains cache, cookies, history and local/site storage.

Working: The browser resolves a URL, requests the document, parses HTML into a DOM and CSS into style rules, computes layout and paints the result. It fetches referenced images, stylesheets and scripts; JavaScript can update the page after loading.

Modern browsers often isolate tabs or sites into separate processes to improve stability and security.

Q4(b). Compare Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer in terms of their rendering engines, proprietary feature support, security models and historical impact on cross-browser compatibility and web standards.20267m

Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture

Compare Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer in terms of their rendering engines, proprietary feature support, security models and historical impact on cross-browser compatibility and web standards.

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Worked Solution

Netscape Navigator vs Internet Explorer

Basis	Netscape Navigator	Internet Explorer (IE)
Rendering engine	Early versions used Netscape's own engine; later Mozilla development led to Gecko	Major Windows versions used Microsoft's Trident engine
Proprietary features	Included Netscape-specific extensions and early web APIs	Supported Microsoft-specific extensions and, in some versions, ActiveX
Security	Security evolved across versions; scripting and plug-ins introduced risks	Windows integration and ActiveX expanded capabilities and potential attack surface
Standards	Differences in HTML/CSS/JavaScript behaviour caused compatibility issues	Non-standard behaviours and version differences also caused compatibility issues
Historical impact	One of the first widely used graphical browsers	Became dominant during the browser wars, partly through Windows integration

During the browser wars, developers sometimes used browser detection and separate code paths because browsers interpreted HTML, CSS and JavaScript differently. Proprietary APIs and inconsistent standards support meant a page might work in one browser and fail in another.

Competition helped popularize the Web but also fragmented it. Open standards, browser testing, progressive enhancement and later standardization efforts improved interoperability.

Conclusion: Both browsers shaped early web development. Their differences demonstrate why standards compliance and cross-browser testing matter. Details varied by version, and both products are now historical.

Q5(a). Describe the architecture and working of a web server with a neat diagram. Discuss the major features of the Apache Web Server.20267m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Describe the architecture and working of a web server with a neat diagram. Discuss the major features of the Apache Web Server.

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Worked Solution
Web Server Architecture and Apache Features

A web server receives HTTP/HTTPS requests from clients, locates or generates the requested resource, and returns an HTTP response. It can serve static files directly or pass dynamic requests to application runtimes.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Working: The browser resolves the domain through DNS and opens a connection. For HTTPS, TLS protects the connection. The server parses the request, applies routing and access rules, reads a static resource or invokes application code, then sends a response containing a status code, headers and body.

Major features of Apache HTTP Server

Open source: widely used and extensible.

Cross-platform: runs on Unix-like systems and Windows.

Virtual hosting: hosts multiple sites on one server.

Modules: functionality can be extended, for example with rewrite, TLS and proxy modules.

Security controls: access control, authentication and TLS support when configured.

URL rewriting and redirects: supports flexible routing and canonical URLs.

Logging and configuration: configurable access/error logs and per-directory settings, including .htaccess where enabled.

Proxying and load balancing: modules can route requests to backend applications.

Conclusion: A web server is the HTTP entry point for a website. Apache is popular because it is flexible, modular and configurable; secure operation requires updates and careful configuration.

Q5(b). Differentiate between HTTP and FTP based on their purpose, working principles and applications.20267m

Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture

Differentiate between HTTP and FTP based on their purpose, working principles and applications.

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Worked Solution

HTTP vs FTP

Basis	HTTP	FTP
Full form	Hypertext Transfer Protocol	File Transfer Protocol
Main purpose	Transfer web resources and API data	Transfer and manage files
Typical use	Web pages, images, APIs, downloads	Uploading/downloading files to a server
Connections	Usually one connection for requests/responses; HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 improve multiplexing	Traditionally separate control and data connections
Operations	GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and others	Commands such as LIST, RETR and STOR
Security	HTTPS adds TLS encryption and authentication	Plain FTP is unencrypted; FTPS adds TLS; SFTP uses SSH and is a different protocol
Default ports	HTTP 80; HTTPS 443	FTP control commonly 21; data behaviour varies by mode

HTTP working: A client sends a request with a method, path, headers and sometimes a body. The server responds with a status code, headers and content. HTTP is stateless at the protocol level, though cookies and application sessions can preserve state.

FTP working: A client authenticates to an FTP server and issues commands over a control connection. File data is transferred over a separate data connection, in active or passive mode.

Applications: HTTP/HTTPS powers websites, web services and APIs. FTP has traditionally been used for file exchange and website publishing, though secure alternatives are preferred today.

Conclusion: HTTP is optimized for web resource communication, whereas FTP is designed for file transfer and file-management operations.

Q6(a). Describe the important features of JavaScript and explain its role in developing interactive web pages with a suitable example.20267m
Module III: Basics of Web Programming
Describe the important features of JavaScript and explain its role in developing interactive web pages with a suitable example.

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Worked Solution
JavaScript: Features and Role in Interactive Web Pages

JavaScript is a high-level programming language commonly used in browsers to make pages dynamic and interactive.

Important features

Dynamic behaviour: responds to clicks, typing, scrolling and other events.

DOM manipulation: can create, change or remove HTML elements and CSS classes.

Form validation: checks input before sending it to a server.

Asynchronous operations: Promises, async/await and Fetch allow network requests without freezing the page.

Event-driven programming: event handlers respond to user actions.

Objects and functions: supports object-oriented and functional programming styles.

Cross-platform use: runs in modern browsers; server-side JavaScript also runs in environments such as Node.js.

Example:

<label for="name">Name:</label> <input id="name"> <button id="greet">Greet</button> <p id="result"></p> <script> document.querySelector("#greet").addEventListener("click", () => { const name = document.querySelector("#name").value.trim(); document.querySelector("#result").textContent = name ? "Hello, " + name + "!" : "Please enter your name."; }); </script>

When the button is clicked, JavaScript reads the input, checks whether it is empty and updates the page without reloading.

Advantages: improves responsiveness, user experience and client-side validation. Limitations: users can disable scripts, browser environments vary, and client-side checks are not a security boundary. Sensitive validation and authorization must also occur on the server.

Conclusion: JavaScript connects user actions to page behaviour and is a core technology for interactive web applications.
Q6(b). Describe the life cycle of a Java Servlet with a suitable diagram and explain the purpose of its major methods.20267m
Module III: Basics of Web Programming
Describe the life cycle of a Java Servlet with a suitable diagram and explain the purpose of its major methods.

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Life Cycle of a Java Servlet

A Servlet is a Java server-side component that handles requests and generates responses, commonly in a web container such as Apache Tomcat.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Life-cycle methods

Loading and instantiation: the container loads the servlet class and creates an instance.

init(): called once after instantiation to initialize resources such as configuration or connections.

service(): invoked for requests; in HttpServlet, it dispatches requests to methods such as doGet() and doPost().

doGet(): commonly handles retrieval/read requests.

doPost(): commonly handles submitted data or operations that change server state.

destroy(): called before the servlet is taken out of service so it can release resources.

Request processing: the container maps a URL to the servlet, creates request and response objects, invokes the appropriate handler, and sends the generated response to the client.

Threading note: containers may process concurrent requests using multiple threads, so shared mutable fields must be handled carefully. Request-specific data should generally remain local to a request.

Conclusion: The servlet container manages the lifecycle, while the servlet's methods initialize resources, process requests and clean up resources.
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Q7(a). Describe the major E-business models and discuss their characteristics with suitable examples.20267m
Module IV: E-commerce Applications
Describe the major E-business models and discuss their characteristics with suitable examples.

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Worked Solution
Major E-business Models

E-business uses digital networks to conduct business activities, exchange information and complete transactions.

B2B (Business-to-Business): transactions between companies. Example: a manufacturer sells components to a retailer through a procurement portal. Often involves bulk orders and negotiated prices.

B2C (Business-to-Consumer): a business sells directly to individual customers. Example: an online clothing store. Usually emphasizes product discovery, shopping carts and consumer payment.

C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer): individuals sell to other individuals through a platform. Example: a person sells a used bicycle on a marketplace.

C2B (Consumer-to-Business): individuals provide value to businesses. Example: a photographer licenses images to a company or a freelancer provides design services.

B2G / B2A (Business-to-Government/Administration): businesses supply goods or services to public agencies, often through e-tendering portals.

G2C (Government-to-Citizen): government provides digital services to citizens, such as online tax or certificate applications. This is e-government and not always a commercial model.

Revenue models can include direct sales, subscriptions, advertising, commissions, transaction fees and freemium services.

Benefits: wider reach, lower transaction costs, faster processing, personalization and round-the-clock access. Challenges: cybersecurity, privacy, trust, delivery/returns, regulation and dependence on platforms.

Conclusion: E-business models are classified by who interacts with whom. The model influences payment, marketing, logistics, trust and the design of the platform.
Q7(b). Discuss the various E-commerce payment systems used in modern online transactions and explain the workflow of an online payment transaction passing through a Payment Gateway.20267m
Module IV: E-commerce Applications
Discuss the various E-commerce payment systems used in modern online transactions and explain the workflow of an online payment transaction passing through a Payment Gateway.

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Worked Solution
E-commerce Payment Systems and Payment Gateway Workflow

Common payment systems

Credit/debit cards: payment is authorized through the card network and issuer.

UPI: instant account-to-account payments using a UPI app, ID or QR code.

Net banking: customer authorizes payment through a bank's online service.

Digital wallets: stored value or linked payment methods are used through a wallet provider.

Bank transfer: funds move between bank accounts.

Cash on delivery: payment is collected when goods are delivered; settlement happens later.

EMI/Buy Now, Pay Later: eligible customers pay in installments subject to provider terms.

Payment gateway: securely connects a merchant's checkout to payment processors, banks or payment networks. A gateway may tokenize sensitive details and return the transaction result; it does not itself guarantee that every payment is approved.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Workflow: customer confirms the order; merchant creates a payment request; gateway securely forwards it to the relevant processor/network; issuer or bank authenticates and authorizes the payment; the result returns through the gateway; merchant updates the order and sends confirmation. Capture and settlement may occur immediately or later depending on the payment method.

Security: use HTTPS/TLS, tokenization, PCI DSS-compliant providers, fraud detection and strong customer authentication where required. Never store card security codes.

Conclusion: Multiple payment options improve convenience. A gateway coordinates secure communication and authorization between the merchant and payment ecosystem.
Q8(a). Discuss the role of the World Wide Web in E-commerce and describe its major applications.20267m
Module IV: E-commerce Applications
Discuss the role of the World Wide Web in E-commerce and describe its major applications.

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Worked Solution
Role of the World Wide Web in E-commerce

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked resources accessed over the Internet using browsers and web protocols. It provides the interface through which customers and businesses discover products, exchange information and complete transactions.

Major roles and applications

Online storefronts: product catalogues, descriptions, images, prices and availability.

Shopping and checkout: carts, order placement, payment integration and confirmation.

Marketing: SEO, online advertising, social media campaigns, email and content marketing.

Customer support: FAQs, chat, help centres, feedback and order tracking.

B2B procurement: supplier portals, e-tendering, inventory and wholesale ordering.

Digital products and services: software downloads, streaming, e-books, online courses and subscriptions.

Personalization and analytics: recommendations and analysis of customer behaviour, subject to privacy rules.

Global reach: customers can access a store across geographic boundaries, subject to shipping and legal constraints.

Typical transaction flow: a user visits the website, searches the catalogue, adds items to a cart, enters delivery details, pays through a payment service, and receives an order confirmation. The merchant system updates inventory and arranges fulfilment.

Benefits: 24/7 availability, broader markets, faster information exchange and potentially lower operating costs. Challenges: cyberattacks, privacy risks, fraud, downtime, logistics and the need for accessible, mobile-friendly design.

Conclusion: The WWW provides the accessible, interactive platform that supports modern e-commerce from product discovery through payment and after-sales service.
Q8(b). Discuss the Semantic Web and explain how it improves the way information is represented and processed on the Web.20267m
Module V: Web 3.0
Discuss the Semantic Web and explain how it improves the way information is represented and processed on the Web.

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Worked Solution
Semantic Web

The Semantic Web is an approach to structuring web data so that software can interpret the meaning and relationships of information, rather than treating pages only as text for people to read.

Key technologies

RDF (Resource Description Framework): represents facts as subject–predicate–object triples. Example: (Course, taughtBy, Teacher).

URI/IRI: identifies resources.

Ontologies and OWL: define concepts, categories, properties and constraints in a domain.

SPARQL: queries RDF data.

Linked Data: connects structured datasets through shared identifiers and relationships.

How it improves the Web

Machine-readable meaning: data includes explicit relationships.

Interoperability: different systems can share data using common vocabularies.

Integration: facts from multiple sources can be linked and queried.

Improved search: applications can search by entities and relationships, not just keywords.

Reasoning: ontology rules can help infer relationships or detect inconsistencies.

Intelligent applications: supports knowledge graphs, data integration and semantic recommendations.

Example: a university can represent that a course is taught by a teacher, belongs to a department and has prerequisites. An application can query those relationships even if the data comes from separate systems.

Challenges: creating and maintaining good metadata, agreeing on vocabularies, data quality, privacy and the cost of integration. Semantic Web technology does not automatically make all web content intelligent; data must be represented and maintained appropriately.

Conclusion: RDF, ontologies, OWL and SPARQL add machine-processable structure and meaning to web data, improving discovery and integration.
Q9(a). Write a short note on N-Tiered Software Architecture. Question 9: attempt any two short notes.20267m
Module I: Introduction to Web Technologies and Architectures
Write a short note on N-Tiered Software Architecture. Question 9: attempt any two short notes.

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Worked Solution
Short Note: N-Tiered Software Architecture

N-tier architecture divides an application into separate logical or physical layers, each with a clear responsibility.

Common three-tier model

Presentation tier: user interface, such as a browser or mobile app.

Application/business tier: rules, validation, workflows and APIs.

Data tier: database and persistent storage.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Advantages: separation of concerns, easier maintenance, independent scaling, improved testability and the ability to protect the database behind application services.

Disadvantages: more deployment complexity, network latency between tiers and additional operational cost.

Example: in an online shopping system, the browser displays products, the application server calculates orders, and the database stores products and orders.

Conclusion: N-tier architecture makes large applications easier to maintain and scale by separating interface, business logic and data responsibilities.
Q9(b). Write a short note on Configuration of Netscape Navigator. Question 9: attempt any two short notes.20267m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Write a short note on Configuration of Netscape Navigator. Question 9: attempt any two short notes.

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Worked Solution
Short Note: Configuration of Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator was a historical web browser. Its configuration options let users customize how it connected to websites and handled content.

Important settings included:

Home page: choose the page opened at startup.

Connection/proxy: configure direct access or proxy settings for an organization's network.

Cache: manage temporary files used to speed up repeat visits.

Cookies and privacy: control site data and privacy-related behaviour, depending on version.

Security: manage certificates and permissions for scripts or other active content where supported.

Appearance: configure fonts, colours and language preferences.

Mail/news integration: configure associated mail or news services in versions that included them.

Exact menus and features differed by release and operating system. Administrators needed to balance convenience with security and compatibility.

Conclusion: Browser configuration affects navigation, connectivity, privacy, security and presentation. Netscape is now a historical browser, so its options should be understood in their version-specific context.
Q9(c). Write a short note on Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Question 9: attempt any two short notes.20267m
Module II: Browser and Apache Web Server Architecture
Write a short note on Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Question 9: attempt any two short notes.

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Worked Solution
Short Note: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is an application-layer protocol used to send email from a mail client to an outgoing mail server and to relay messages between mail servers.

Working

The sender composes a message in a mail application.

The client submits it to an outgoing mail server, commonly using authenticated submission on port 587 with STARTTLS or implicit TLS on port 465.

The sending server looks up the recipient domain's MX record in DNS.

It relays the message to the recipient's mail server, commonly using port 25 between servers.

The recipient retrieves the message using IMAP or POP; SMTP is primarily for sending and relaying, not mailbox retrieval.

Basic commands include EHLO/HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA and QUIT.

Advantages: standardized mail transfer, store-and-forward delivery, and support for relaying between different providers.

Limitations: SMTP alone does not guarantee confidentiality or prevent spoofing. TLS, authentication, SPF, DKIM and DMARC help secure transport and improve domain-level anti-spoofing.

Conclusion: SMTP is the standard protocol for sending and relaying email, while IMAP and POP are commonly used to access received messages.
Q9(d). Write a short note on Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). Question 9: attempt any two short notes.20267m
Module III: Basics of Web Programming
Write a short note on Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). Question 9: attempt any two short notes.

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Worked Solution
Short Note: Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

CORBA stands for Common Object Request Broker Architecture. It is a standard from the Object Management Group (OMG) that allows software objects written in different languages and running on different machines to communicate.

Main components

Object Request Broker (ORB): locates remote objects and routes requests/responses.

IDL (Interface Definition Language): defines interfaces independently of a programming language.

Client stub: provides a local-looking interface for invoking remote methods.

Server skeleton/adapter: receives requests and dispatches them to the object implementation.

Object implementation: performs the requested business operation.

MermaidDiagram
Rendering diagram…
Working: the client calls a method through its stub; the ORB transports the request to the server-side adapter; the target object executes it; the response returns through the ORB.

Advantages: language and platform interoperability, location transparency and support for distributed systems.

Limitations: complex configuration, interoperability and firewall issues, and greater operational overhead compared with many modern web APIs.

Conclusion: CORBA provides a standard middleware architecture for invoking distributed objects across languages and platforms.

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Markup Languages and Their Grammars

DTD and XML

Functional Block Diagram of a Modern Web Browser

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E-commerce Payment Systems and Payment Gateway Workflow

Role of the World Wide Web in E-commerce

Semantic Web

Key technologies

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Short Note: N-Tiered Software Architecture

Short Note: Configuration of Netscape Navigator

Short Note: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Short Note: Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

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