Write a short note on N-Tiered Software Architecture. Question 9: attempt any two short notes.

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## Short Note: N-Tiered Software Architecture

N-tier architecture divides an application into separate logical or physical layers, each with a clear responsibility.

**Common three-tier model**
1. **Presentation tier:** user interface, such as a browser or mobile app.
2. **Application/business tier:** rules, validation, workflows and APIs.
3. **Data tier:** database and persistent storage.

```mermaid
flowchart TD
  U[Browser / presentation tier] --> A[Application / business tier]
  A --> D[(Data tier)]
  D --> A
  A --> U
```

**Advantages:** separation of concerns, easier maintenance, independent scaling, improved testability and the ability to protect the database behind application services.

**Disadvantages:** more deployment complexity, network latency between tiers and additional operational cost.

**Example:** in an online shopping system, the browser displays products, the application server calculates orders, and the database stores products and orders.

**Conclusion:** N-tier architecture makes large applications easier to maintain and scale by separating interface, business logic and data responsibilities.

Short Note: N-Tiered Software Architecture

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