Answer

Gyroscope

Definition: Sensor measuring angular velocity (°/s) and orientation via angular momentum.

Principle: Coriolis effect on vibrating mass: $F_c = -2m\omega \times v$. MEMS tuning fork vibrates, rotation induces secondary vibration amplitude ∝ $\omega$.

Types:

Type	Principle
MEMS vibratory	Coriolis on tuning fork
Optical (FOG)	Sagnac interferometer
Mechanical	Spinning rotor

Advantages: Measures angular rate, drift compensation with accelerometer (IMU).

Disadvantages: Drift integrates to angle error, temperature sensitive, cost for optical.

Applications: Drone stabilization, robot orientation, IMU, camera gimbal, navigation.

Final: Gyroscope Coriolis $\omega$ sensor, types MEMS/FOG, used for angular rate in IMU with drift.